In an upcoming update, KiwiSDR's will get proper CIC compensating filters.
How is down-conversion done in the KiwiSDR?
The ADC runs at 66.66666 MHz, and CIC filters are used to down-convert to either 12 or 20.25 kHz. I recommend reading the original paper by Hogenauer which explains how to choose the bit widths of each filter stage in an optimal way.
Down-conversion from 66.66666 MHz to 12kHz (20.25kHz) is done in two steps; for the 12 kHz mode a 1st CIC filter is used to decimate by a factor of 926 to ~72 kHz; this is followed by a 2nd CIC which decimates by a factor of 6 to ~12 kHz.
The problem with CIC filters
CIC filters are optimal in the sense that they do use only addition and subtraction, as opposed to generic FIR filters, and therefore can be efficiently implemented in an FPGA. However, they are not perfect:
- All signals outside the fundamental domain (+- 6kHz in this case, green dashed lines in the graph below) are mirrored/reflected into it.
- The filter curve of CIC filters is not flat, i.e., there is filter roll-off.
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| CIC filter response. |
Enter CIC compensating filters
Both of these issues are improved by using a CIC compensating filter: instead of using the 2nd CIC filter for down-sampling to 12kHz, it is replaced with another CIC filter which down-samples to 24kHz, followed by a low-pass FIR filter and a final 2:1 down-sampling. The FIR filter makes sure everything out of +-6kHz is suppressed and that the CIC filter roll-off is compensated for. See AN455 for details.
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| CIC compensating filter with 64 taps for the 12 kHz mode. |
CIC compensating filter performance
Using the built-in KiwiSDR signal generator the performance of the CIC+CIC compensating filter can be measured:
- Signal generator is set to sweep from 10 MHz to 10.012 MHz
- IQ mode recording
- Manual AGC
- Any other CIC compensation used previously turned off
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| Left: waterfall diagram: time vs. frequency; right: blue - signal, red - background. |
- The residual CIC filter roll-off from the 1st CIC filter is < 0.2 dB (only the roll-off of the 2nd CIC filter is compensated for)
- Mirror signals are smaller than approximately -50 dB
